便携式茶园微耕机的设计研究

当前我国大力发展茶园种植业,以往人力为主要劳动力的生产方式满足不了发展要求,主要存在效率低、劳动强度大、耗时费工等许多问题。为此,综合了我国耕地的基本国情及茶园式微耕机的发展现状与茶园耕地之间的不匹配的情况,并设计制造了便携式茶园微耕机。该机具旋耕刀采用直角刀片,使得入土、碎土能力增强,机器行走正常不跑偏、旋耕消耗能量较少、工作效率远大于人工作业。该便携式微耕机结构简单、轻巧便利、生产成本低,投入茶园生产后将大大提高农民生产积极性和生产效率。田间试验结果表明:该微耕机的平均耕深为130mm,平均耕作幅宽为300mm,各项参数均符合生产技术要求,能够满足茶园作业要求。     

Effect of allelic variation at the Glu-3/Gli-1 loci on breadmaking quality parameters in hexaploid wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)

Low molecular weight glutenin subunits (LMW-GS) encoded by the Glu-3 loci are known to contribute to wheat breadmaking quality. However, the specific effect of individual Glu-3 alleles is not well understood due to their complex protein banding patterns in SDS-PAGE and tight linkage with gliadins at the Gli-1 locus. Using DNA markers and a backcross program, we developed a set of nine near isogenic lines (NILs) including different Glu-A3/Gli-A1 or Glu-B3/Gli-B1 alleles in the genetic background of the Argentine variety ProINTA Imperial. The nine NILs and the control were evaluated in three different field trials in Argentina. Significant genotype-by-environment interactions were detected for most quality parameters indicating that the effects of the Glu-3/Gli-1 alleles are modulated by environmental differences. None of the NILs showed differences in total flour protein content, but relative changes in the abundance of particular classes of proteins cannot be ruled out. On average, the Glu-A3f, Glu-B3b, Glu-B3g and Glu-B3i_Man alleles were associated with the highest values in gluten strength-related parameters, while Glu-A3e, Glu-B3a and Glu-B3i_Chu were consistently associated with weak gluten and low quality values. The value of different Glu-3/Gli-1 allele combinations to improve breadmaking quality is discussed.     

免耕对稻油轮作系统土壤结构的影响

为探明免耕对稻油轮作系统土壤结构的影响,基于湖南省洞庭湖区4a的耕作试验(2016—2019),采用X射线CT扫描技术和常规土壤物理分析方法,研究了旋耕和免耕对水稻土0~25 cm土层土壤结构的影响。与旋耕相比,免耕处理对0~5 cm土层的土壤容重和土壤有机碳无显著影响,但免耕处理显著提高了0~10 cm土层>2 mm团聚体的含量和团聚体稳定性。不同耕作方式改变了土壤大孔隙度和孔隙大小分布,与旋耕处理相比,免耕处理增加了0~5和5~10 cm土层各个孔径范围内(>25μm)的大孔隙度,其中0~5 cm土层300~500μm孔径的大孔隙显著增加了70.5%,5~10 cm土层25~300和300~500μm孔径的大孔隙分别增加了82.8%和167.2%(P<0.05)。研究表明,稻油轮作系统免耕有利于提高表层土壤团聚体稳定性和大孔隙度,改善水稻土结构状况。     

番茄辣椒微型根系形态原位采集系统设计与实现

为实时获取浅根系作物的根系生长形态,设计了一种可用于多点测量的微型根系形态实时原位采集系统。系统主要由微型摄像头和光学放大元件等组成(体积1.5cm3),采集的图像通过无线模块发送至终端。采用基于区域生长的根系图像分析方法,以腐蚀图像为出发点,膨胀图像为终止点,结合相似性准则进行区域生长、区域标记和区域保留,来滤除土壤孔隙和杂质等对图像产生的干扰,从而提取根系轮廓,并通过图像形态学计算得到根长密度、根系平均直径等形态参数。以此系统采集樱桃番茄、辣椒根系形态参数,试验结果表明,根系长度测定值的绝对误差不超过1.5 mm,相对误差不超过5.3%;根系平均直径绝对误差不超过0.09 mm,相对误差不超过6.7%。与土壤采样法测定值相比,在0～10、10～20、20～30和30～40 cm 4个土壤层内2种测定方法根系平均直径决定系数R20.87(P0.01),根长密度在30 cm深度以内的土壤层决定系数R20.81(P0.01)。证明本文设计的微型根系形态实时原位采集系统具有较高的准确性,可用于浅根系作物形态的多点观测。     

Morphology and distribution of wheat and maize roots as affected by tillage systems and soil physical parameters in temperate climates: an overview

Congregated information on maize and wheat root morphology and their distribution as influenced by tillage and soil physical conditions is meager. Root growth under no-tillage (NT) or conventional tillage (CT) is variable: Under NT, higher bulk density slows root elongation and provides shorter roots but simulate root branching; results may be opposite depending on soil texture. Under CT, soil compaction may have negative effects on root growth, with roots exhibiting plasticity. In humid climates, low soil temperatures can reduce root length density (RLD) and increase the diameter of spring cereals under NT. Tillage intensity induces a different distribution of nutrients, a trend which increases with time resulting in higher RLD in the topmost layer of NT. Compared to maize it is difficult to present an overview of the effect on tillage on the RLD of wheat due to inconclusive results. Adequate placements of banded starter fertilizer will effectively build up an early root system of maize, especially at suboptimal growth temperatures. Many studies reported a higher or similar grain yield of maize or wheat under NT compared to CT in temperate climates. However, the limited information or the conflicting results will promote the topic for inclusion in future breeding programs.     

CT扫描分析秸秆隔层孔隙特征及其对土壤水入渗的影响

为阐明不同物理形态玉米秸秆建立的隔层对盐碱土壤灌溉水入渗特征的影响机制,该文采用室内模拟试验方法,在距地表40～45 cm处均匀铺设同一隔层厚度(5 cm)段状秸秆(SL)、颗粒状秸秆(SK)与粉末状秸秆(SF),以不埋设秸秆隔层为对照(CK),并利用CT扫描和图像处理技术,定量分析不同形态秸秆隔层内部孔隙度、孔隙大小分布、连通度等孔隙参数及其与灌溉水入渗特征之间的关系。结果表明:与CK处理相比,不同物理形态的玉米秸秆隔层均显著提高了40～45 cm隔层处总孔隙度,其中以SF处理最高,分别较CK、SL与SK处理显著提高了29.25、12.09与12.61个百分点(P 0.05),但SL与SK处理间差异不显著。SF处理在灌溉水入渗各阶段均显著增加了孔隙直径≤1 mm的孔隙度(P 0.05),入渗开始前、结束后分别较SL与SK处理提高了19.18、17.25和9.45、9.41个百分点,从而增大了封闭气体体积,导致灌溉水入渗速率较慢,而SL处理在灌溉水入渗开始前孔隙直径1 mm孔隙度较SK处理提高了1.04个百分点,但在入渗结束后SK处理孔隙直径1 mm孔隙度较SL处理显著提高,这种 1 mm大孔隙的变化导致SK处理出现湿润锋通过秸秆隔层耗时长于SL处理,而湿润锋通过隔层后至土柱底部耗时短于SL处理的现象。相关性分析结果表明:湿润锋通过秸秆隔层用时与入渗开始前、结束后隔层处总孔隙度、≤1 mm直径孔隙度均呈极显著正相关,与入渗前 1 mm直径孔隙度呈极显著负相关(P 0.01),而在入渗结束后这种大孔隙的作用减弱,但≤1 mm孔隙度的阻渗作用依旧显著,孔隙连通度对灌溉水入渗速率的影响较总孔隙度小。可见,不同形态玉米秸秆隔层均影响灌溉水入渗过程,CT扫描技术可作为定量研究秸秆隔层内部孔隙结构及其对灌溉水入渗影响机制的手段,该结果可为筛选和建立盐碱土壤最佳灌溉淋盐效果的物理形态秸秆隔层提供参考。     

Nutrient release pattern of organic and inorganic resources used in cassava production (Manihot esculenta Crantz)

The major constraint in the promotion of organic farming, a safe and sustainable alternative, is lack of availability of quality organic resources in sufficient quantities. The quality of resources can be ascertained by monitoring its nutrient release pattern, which has not yet been attempted. A controlled condition pot experiment was conducted at ICAR-Central Tuber Crops Research Institute, Thiruvananthapuram, India, in completely randomized design to study the nutrient dynamics of various organic and inorganic resources, commonly used in cassava production, at monthly intervals up to six months. The release of almost all nutrients and activity of soil enzymes were higher at the middle (3 or 4?months) of the incubation period. The pH showed an increasing trend and electrical conductivity, organic C and Fe content declined from initial. Averaging over stages, organic practice favored the activity of soil enzymes and release of almost all nutrients over conventional system significantly, except N.     

Physical carbon‐sequestration mechanisms under special consideration of soil wettability

The protective impact of aggregation on microbial degradation through separation has been described frequently, especially for biotically formed aggregates. However, to date little information exists on the effects of organic‐matter (OM) quantity and OM quality on physical protection, i.e., reduced degradability by microorganisms caused by physical factors. In the present paper, we hypothesize that soil wettability, which is significantly influenced by OM, may act as a key factor for OM stabilization as it controls the microbial accessibility for water, nutrients, and oxygen in three‐phase systems like soil. Based on this hypothesis, the first objective is to evaluate new findings on the organization of organo‐mineral complexes at the nanoscale as one of the processes creating water‐repellent coatings on mineral surfaces. The second objective is to quantify the degree of alteration of coated surfaces with regard to water repellence. We introduce a recently developed trial that combines FTIR spectra with contact‐angle data as the link between chemical composition of OM and the physical wetting behavior of soil particles. In addition to characterizing the wetting properties of OM coatings, we discuss the implications of water‐repellent surfaces for different physical protection mechanisms of OM. For typical minerals, the OM loading on mineral surfaces is patchy, whereas OM forms nanoscaled micro‐aggregates together with metal oxides and hydroxides and with layered clay minerals. Such small aggregates may efficiently stabilize OM against microbial decomposition. However, despite the patchy structure of OM coating, we observed a relation between the chemical composition of OM and wettability. A higher hydrophobicity of the OM appears to stabilize the organic C in soil, either caused by a specific reduced biodegradability of OM or indirectly caused by increased aggregate stability. In partly saturated nonaggregated soil, the specific distribution of the pore water appears to further affect the mineralization of OM as a function of wettability. We conclude that the wettability of OM, quantified by the contact angle, links the chemical structure of OM with a bundle of physical soil properties and that reduced wettability results in the stabilization of OM in soils.     

耕作方式对岩溶区甘蔗地土壤优先流特征的影响

岩溶区特殊的岩性地质条件,使土壤优先流现象广泛发生。以广西岩溶区内的典型农地甘蔗地作为研究对象,利用野外染色示踪技术和图像解析方法,分别对传统耕作(CT)和粉垄耕作(SRT)方式下的田间土壤优先流特征进行分析,揭示耕作方式对岩溶区甘蔗地土壤优先流的发生及其空间发展变化的影响。结果表明:①在相同外部供水条件下,传统耕作甘蔗地优先流运动分化程度相对较高,多呈指状形式,且平均湿润锋下渗深度为43.19 cm,显著大于粉垄耕作(P0.05),而粉垄耕作甘蔗地优先流以横向运动形式为主,表现为团块状湿润锋形式;②粉垄耕作甘蔗地土壤优先流发生时间显著滞后于传统耕作(P0.05),是其1.67倍;③随土壤深度的增加,两种耕作方式下的甘蔗地土壤优先流发育程度总体呈现先增加后降低的变化趋势,但粉垄耕作甘蔗地优先流比(70.72%)和长度指数(527.12%)均显著小于传统耕作甘蔗地(P0.05),且在土壤空间中对应的染色形态变异系数(1.19)是传统耕作的1.38倍,优先流发育程度显著低于传统耕作甘蔗地。粉垄耕作与传统耕作方式相比,在一定程度上降低了田间土壤优先流现象,改善了田间土层中的水肥状况。     

微喷周期对葡萄叶片SPAD值和叶绿素含量与产量的影响分析

为研究极端干旱区微喷灌水技术对葡萄生理和产量的影响,通过对葡萄不同生育期叶片SPAD值、叶绿素含量和产量的测定,分析不同微喷周期条件下各处理的叶片SPAD值、叶绿素含量的变化特征和相互关系及对产量的影响。结果显示:在不同喷水周期条件下,各处理的SPAD值呈先减小后增大的变化趋势,日变化值为38.31~43.8。其中,每天喷水1h处理的SPAD值日平均值最高,为42.0,之后是对照处理和每隔1d喷水2h处理,分别为41.2和40.3,每隔2d喷水3h处理的SPAD值最低,为39.3。葡萄SPAD值与叶绿素a、叶绿素b以及总叶绿素含量间相关关系显著,回归方程分别为Ca=0.1028VSPAD-2.2266、Cb=0.0796VSPAD-2.3749、Ct=0.1824VSPAD-4.4602。在葡萄品质指标和产量上,采用微喷可以提高VC含量、多酚含量和单宁含量等多项品质指标,并使葡萄平均增产5.4%,表明合理的微喷周期处理有利于提高葡萄叶片叶绿素含量,并使产量增加,而叶绿素仅是葡萄生理生长的指标之一,如光合、叶绿素荧光等指标对葡萄生理的影响仍需作更深入的研究,以期能更进一步揭示微喷条件下的葡萄增产作用机理。